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[China Agricultural Machinery Industry News] At present, in China's rice production, the mechanized planting process is weak, and the main mechanical planting method is mechanized transplanting. In order to improve the level of rice planting, in recent years, all major rice-producing provinces have made great efforts in industrialization and breeding, and increased support. Does the spring of rice mechanization live really come?
Is the spring of mechanized live broadcast of rice really coming?
On May 18th, the rice live mechanization test demonstration base of Luo Kaiwen, an academician of Nongkai Rice Industry in Gaoqing County, Shandong Province, was developed by Luo Xiwen, a research and development team, and 2BDXS-10CP (25) type water hole produced by Shanghai Shidal Modern Agricultural Machinery Co., Ltd. The machine is working in the paddy field. I saw the driver easily driving the live broadcast machine, the mechanical walk, 10 rows of straight seeding ditch, 8-9 seeds per hole evenly arranged, and water flows in the ditch between the seeding ditch. According to Li Yugang, manager of the technical department of Shandong Nongkai Rice Industry Co., Ltd., which is stationed at the base, the machine has a width of 2.5 meters, a line spacing of 25 cm, a plant spacing of 14 cm, and a 10-row broadcast. "A live broadcast machine can broadcast more than 70 acres per day. Through our comparative experiments, compared with machine transplanting, rice can save 91.5 yuan per mu, increase production by 50 kilograms, and increase the cost by 251.5 yuan."
Is the spring of mechanized live broadcast of rice really coming?
Mechanized live broadcast
At present, in China's rice production, the mechanized planting link is weak, and the mechanization level of planting in 2015 is only 40%. The main mechanical planting method is mechanized transplanting. In order to improve the mechanization level of rice planting, in recent years, all major rice-producing provinces have made great efforts to increase their support in the area of ​​factory cultivation, but the reporter also found in the interview that due to the high cost of industrialized seedlings, the breeding costs are cumbersome. There are more labors required for transplanting, high labor costs, and the land transfer has not yet reached the ideal scale of operation. The accumulation of various expensive costs has led to some stagnation of farmers or cooperatives that have been factory-raised. In this context, the breakthrough of the R&D team led by Academician Luo Xiwen on the rice live broadcast machine laid the foundation for the large-scale promotion of rice live broadcast.
It is understood that rice mechanization technology as a light cultivation technology has four advantages compared with transplanting transplanting. First, it saves labor and labor and reduces production costs. The live broadcast of rice eliminates the traditional breeding and transplanting, which saves the farmland and reduces the cost of production operations. The second is to shorten the growth period. The direct seeding rice has no roots and roots after planting and the process of greening after planting. The growth process is accelerated, and the growth period is shortened by 5-7 days compared with transplanted rice. The third is to increase rice yield. The direct seed rice is beneficial to low-node tillers. The arrangement of panicle stems is optimized and reasonable. The main panicles are neat and uniform, the rate of ear formation is high, the number of panicles is large, and the large-area production can increase yield by about 5%. Fourth, it is conducive to large-scale production. The live broadcast of rice eliminates the production links such as raising, plucking, transporting and transplanting, which improves production efficiency and efficiency and is conducive to the scale of rice production.
At the Gaoqing Rice Live Mechanization Experimental Demonstration Base, Chen Shuzhen, a 65-year-old rice grower from Sujia Village in the demonstration area, told reporters that he began planting rice, artificial transplanting, artificial breeding and artificial threshing from the 1970s. The labor intensity is great. "A person who transplants a day will also have an acre of land. He has to bring three squid seedlings. After a day, he is covered in mud and tired of backache. In the past few years, it has been easier to transplant, but much more, but I also have to raise oysters and move seedlings. Now, the seedlings are not used for breeding, and they are directly planted. This planting technique is really a three-year change, and the change is easier over five years." Chen Shuzhen smiled sincerely.
As a research team of rice live mechanization, Academician Luo Xiwen of South China Agricultural University told reporters that since 1998, his research team has begun to study the technology system of simultaneous grooving and ridge rice precision drilling, and has developed synchronous grooving rice cultivar. Measuring hole seeding machine, synchronous ditching ridge fertilization rice precision hole drilling machine, synchronous ditching ridge spraying rice precision hole drilling machine and synchronous ditching rice precision dry hole seeding machine, the development of these machines is the promotion of rice live broadcasting technology Equipment support is provided. Since 2006, it has been promoted in 26 provinces and cities nationwide, and the application area has been continuously expanded. In 2015 alone, the mechanized live broadcast area of ​​rice reached more than 3 million mu. “Although this is almost negligible compared with the planting area of ​​450 million mu of rice in the country, the advantages of labor saving, labor saving, increasing production and increasing efficiency are attracting more and more growers, and the demographic dividend is not In the background, it indicates that mechanized live broadcast will have a very broad prospect."
How good is mechanized live broadcast?
In the Gaoqing rice live mechanization test demonstration base, the reporter saw such a material: "traditional transplanting, mechanical transplanting, rice water live cost and advantage comparison", Li Yugang told reporters that this material is the base after two years According to the comparative test, the materials are compared in detail, including the seeds, land, fertilizer, grasshoppers, agricultural film pesticides, watering fees, substrates, trays and labor costs. All of them have been counted. The results show that the cost of traditional breeding of one mu of seedlings is 115 yuan, and the cost of mechanical breeding of one mu of seedlings is 99.8 yuan. In the process of transplanting and live broadcasting, artificial transplanting is calculated according to the cost of 150 yuan per person per day. The cost is 200 yuan, the mechanical transplanting is 45 yuan per mu, and the mechanical live broadcast cost plus the seed cost is 103.3 yuan per mu. The advantages of mechanized live broadcast are self-evident.
Li Yugang told reporters that in addition to the direct advantages of cost, there are many advantages in mechanized live broadcasting in the operation. In the case that the forward speed of the operation is the same, since the live broadcast machine has no time for stopping the seedlings, the pure working time is greatly increased, and the working width of the live broadcast machine is larger than that of the rice transplanter, so the daily working area of ​​the direct broadcast machine can reach more than 70 mu. It is 40% more efficient than machine insertion. In addition, compared with the machine transplanting, the mechanized live broadcast operation requires only one operator and one auxiliary worker, and the amount of labor is greatly reduced.
Reducing the operation process, saving labor and reducing production costs is only one of the advantages of mechanized live broadcast of rice. Increasing production and increasing efficiency is an important reason why this technology is favored by growers.
On October 14, 2015, during the rice harvest season, the academician Luo Xiwen conducted a real-time measurement of mechanized rice live broadcast in Gaoqing. The results of the survey showed that the yield per mu reached 668 kg, which was much higher than the yield of 550-600 kg of non-mechanized live broadcast. In other mechanized live demonstration bases across the country, news of bumper harvests continued to come: Shanghai 802.3 kg/mu, Zhejiang 861.5 kg/mu, Anhui 752.5 kg/mu, Shaanxi 810.8 kg/mu, Sichuan 784.4 kg/mu... They are far higher than the record of 450 kg per mu of rice in the country.
Zhao Xiaobo, the head of the Shandong Gaoqing Rice Precision Point Live Mechanization Project and the director of the Gaoqing County Agricultural Machinery Bureau, told the reporter that the reason why the rice mechanized live broadcast can increase production is mainly its technical advantage. Although the rice live broadcast has higher requirements on the flatness of the land, the demonstration base effectively ensures the flatness of the land by using a laser grader, so that the water level regulation is uniform, ensuring the uniformity of rice seedling growth and conducive to water conservation. Baofei. The rice precision spot direct seeding machine developed by the academician Luo academician has uniform spacing between rows and rows. The seeding is precise and uniform, and the seedlings are not leaking. The whole planting seedlings are realized, which shows the advantages of precision seeding, and the formation of acupoints in the process of rice growth. The ventilation and lighting, the increase of tillers, and the reduction of the occurrence of pests and diseases have obvious effects. Because the rice seeds are planted in the furrows, suitable for entering the soil, it is conducive to low-node tillering, root system is developed, the internodes are short, and the plants are thick and strong, which enhances the ability to resist lodging. These advantages have laid the foundation for mechanized live broadcast production.
How far is the large-scale promotion?
It not only saves labor and labor, but also increases production and efficiency. Since 2006, the mechanized live broadcast technology of rice has been promoted for 10 years, and the planting area has reached more than 3 million mu, but it has been rapidly growing up in recent years with industrialized breeding and mechanized transplanting. Compared with the promotion speed of rice mechanized live broadcast, it is a bit slow. What is the reason? Academician Luo Xiwen believes that there are two main reasons, one is to understand the problem, and the other is the technical problem, especially the agronomic technology adapted to the live broadcast of rice.
Academician Luo Xiwen told reporters that to observe the mechanized live broadcast of rice in two parts, it is necessary to give full play to the advantages of mechanized live broadcast of rice, and at the same time, efforts should be made to avoid the risk of mechanized live broadcast. Mechanized live broadcasts are more risky than machine transplants. There are two major problems in the live broadcast, such as "the seedling is difficult and the grass is difficult to remove". Most of the "miao difficult" is caused by low temperature and unstable climate after the live broadcast; "grass is difficult to remove" because there is no suitable herbicide or herbicide. The timing was improper. These two problems have been well solved in some countries in Europe and America. The rice in the United States is broadcast live, 80% of which is mechanized live broadcast, and 20% is broadcast by airplane. This is because in the United States, it is a year, there is no tension in the mouth. . In the southern double-season rice region of China, the rice gap between the two seasons is too tight, the early rice is early, and it may encounter low temperature. Late rice is late, and may encounter cold dew, so the risk of mechanized live broadcast is increased. In the United States, there are special varieties suitable for live broadcast, complete agronomic measures and live machines suitable for local sowing.
Academician Luo Xiwen believes that live broadcasting is a general trend. In recent years, Asian countries such as Japan and South Korea have also realized the advantages of live broadcasting and have begun to exert their strength. In China, with the improvement of the live broadcast technology and equipment of the rice precision hole research and development team, the promotion speed is also accelerating. More and more government officials have witnessed the advantages of live broadcast in saving, saving and increasing production. And also began to change the concept. Liu Guanghua, deputy director of the Jiangxi Agriculture Department, said that the agricultural department should pay close attention to live broadcast technology and strengthen research on live broadcast technology in the on-site observation and seminar of rice mechanization precision spot seeding technology held in Jiangxi on May 15th. Into the service, play the advantage of live broadcast, avoiding the risk of live broadcast.
Academician Luo said that the large-scale promotion of rice mechanized live broadcast requires both government support and technical breakthroughs. Due to the geographical conditions, climatic conditions and soil conditions of rice planting areas in China, it is necessary to explore live broadcast technology and machinery suitable for local conditions. To this end, Academician Luo Xiwen summed up the seven suitable for the live broadcast of rice mechanization: suitable places, good in a rice area or wheat and oil rice rotation area; suitable varieties, the current rice transplanting varieties are mostly in the growth period of 130 Between -150 days, it is possible to develop a variety with a growth period of 120 days, a yield of 700 kg per mu, and a rice quality of the national level. Under the premise of ensuring the yield, the problem of rice cultivation is solved. Suitable method, current rice There are two ways of live broadcast and dry live broadcast. The local area should choose the planting method according to local conditions. The dry land broadcast should use sandy soil. Suitable land preparation method, no matter what crops are planted, no matter the paddy field or dry land, the land is flatter, water, medicine and fertilizer. In order to play a better effect, laser flat land is the development trend of the world's agriculture; there is also a suitable sowing date, suitable seeding rate and appropriate management. After sowing, when the seedling grows to 15 cm, it is water and fat. The management of medicine is very important.
Academician Luo said that due to the different conditions in various parts of China, to solve these seven "appropriate", it is necessary for the agricultural machinery and agronomic experts to work together to advance in the exploration and promote the large-scale on the basis of the success of the pilot. What makes him gratified is that more and more government departments are now paying attention to this technology and giving special funds to support it. Like Shanghai's mechanized live broadcast area has reached 300,000 acres, and the future goal is to mechanized live broadcast area accounted for 80%. At present, the rice mechanized live broadcast technology has blossomed in 26 provinces across the country, and the demonstration and promotion speed is getting faster and faster, and the test results of the demonstration sites are getting better and better. He believes that the mechanized live broadcast has become one of the mainstream technologies for rice planting in China, and the large-scale rice mechanization live broadcast is getting closer and closer to us.
Link: Foreign rice mechanized live broadcast
The traditional rice seedling transplanting method is not only cumbersome, but also the rice yield and benefits are not high. In order to increase the yield and income of rice production, rice live broadcast machines came into being. At present, the countries with high levels of mechanized rice cultivation are the United States, Australia, Japan, Italy and South Korea. In Europe and the United States, which is dominated by live mechanization, the United States is representative.
The United States is one of the countries that have realized mechanized planting of rice early, and has now achieved 100% mechanized live broadcast. The direct seeding planting technology of rice has the characteristics of low labor intensity, low production operation cost, simple working tools, high work efficiency, high output and suitable for large-scale production. The rice planting area in the United States is about 1.1 million hectares, 80% of rice production is carried out by mechanical dry broadcast, 20% is broadcast live by mechanical water (ie, aircraft is broadcast), and an average of 93.33 hectares of rice is planted per person per day. Rice production is fully utilized to produce mechanized live rice. . In order to meet the requirements of rice seeding for land preparation, large-scale laser leveling machinery is widely used in the United States. In rice direct seeding operations, weed control is critical because weeds grow earlier than seedlings. Herbicides have provided strong support for the promotion of rice live broadcast technology, making it rapidly developed and applied in industrialized countries in Europe and America.
The total area of ​​rice planted in Europe is about 457,600 hectares, with an average yield of 6.47 tons per hectare. Among them, Italy has a large planting area of ​​238,500 hectares, and the annual total output of rice is about 1.3 million tons. The rice planting in Italy was mainly based on water. In the 1970s, mechanization was realized. In the 1990s, mechanization reached a high level.
About 600 million tons of rice are produced every year in the world, and more than 1 million tons produced in Australia are insignificant. However, Australia's average production of more than 10 tons per hectare is not uncomfortable. Australian rice farmers grow an average of 80 hectares of rice per person, mainly using a live broadcast method, followed by a large-scale rice mechanized live planting system.
Japan's agriculture is dominated by rice, and nearly 50% of cultivated land is used for planting rice. Mechanization is mainly machine transplanting. The penetration rate of rice transplanting machines has reached 99.8%, and the common nursery facilities are 17%. The Japanese government attaches great importance to agricultural science and technology, research, development and promotion of a large number of new rice technology and new equipment suitable for domestic agricultural production conditions. The rice transplanter of Jingguan and Kubota is at a level. It has reached a level in mechanization of rice mechanization.
In the 1970s, South Korea began its agricultural mechanization and introduced rice transplanting technology from Japan. The rice cultivation and planting operations of rice production were basically mechanized. Beginning in 1987, South Korea developed a rice-water and dry-lived cultivation technology for the provincial labor, and developed a water and dry broadcast machine.
Thailand is a big rice producer, and rice farming is relatively extensive, basically using live broadcast. In rainy and low-lying areas, farmers usually transplant rice, but in the central plain irrigation area, farmers generally use germinated rice seeds to spread, deep-water rice is spread by dry seeds, and dry rice is often used for seeding and on-demand.
Although Taiwan's Taiwan transplanting technology started late, it was only introduced in 1967 to introduce Japanese hand-pushing transplanters, but it developed rapidly and has a high degree of mechanization. In 1986, the machine insert area reached 98%. Since most farmers who purchase rice transplanters are engaged in plug-in operations to increase their income, large-scale is the development path for Taiwan transplanters.
Extracted from "Developing Foreign Experiences and Developing Guizhou Rice Mechanized Precision Broadcasting Technology"
(Original title: Mechanized live broadcast: a technological revolution in rice cultivation in China?)