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The sucker rod is a critical component in the operation of a pumping well, serving as a slender rod that connects the polished rod at the surface to the downhole pump. It plays a vital role in transmitting mechanical power from the surface unit to the pump located deep underground. Typically, each individual sucker rod has a length of 7.62 meters, 8 meters, or 9.14 meters, and is made from low-carbon alloy steel that undergoes quenching and tempering for enhanced strength and durability. These rods are connected end-to-end using internal thread couplings, extending all the way down to the piston inside the oil reservoir. As the pump operates, the sucker rod moves up and down, facilitating the extraction of oil. In many oil wells, the total length of the sucker rod string can reach around two kilometers, with some wells, like those in the Shengli Oilfield, extending over three thousand meters deep.
Sucker rods are essential parts of rod-pumping systems, responsible for transferring the mechanical energy from the surface equipment to the downhole pump. The entire string consists of dozens or even hundreds of individual rods joined by couplings. During operation, these rods are subjected to cyclic loading, often asymmetric, which can lead to fatigue or corrosion fatigue fractures. The working environment includes well fluids such as crude oil and formation water, which may contain corrosive elements. This makes the most common failure mode of sucker rods fatigue or corrosion-induced fracture, significantly impacting oil production efficiency and increasing maintenance costs.
Sucker rods have a long history, dating back nearly a century. The earliest versions were made from natural materials like rattan. The first metal sucker rod patent (U.S. 528168) was granted to Samuel M. Jones from Ohio on October 30, 1894. Over the past two decades, significant advancements have been made in their design and manufacturing. New materials such as multi-element alloy steels and fiberglass have been introduced, along with advanced technologies like intermediate frequency induction heating, infrared temperature measurement, and automated production lines. Innovations in forging techniques, external thread rolling, friction welding, shot peening, and surface hardening have greatly improved the quality and performance of modern sucker rods.
To meet the demands of various challenging well conditions—such as large pump operations, deep pumping, heavy oil, high-wax, corrosive, and deviated wells—specialized sucker rods have been developed. These include ultra-high-strength rods, FRP (fiber-reinforced polymer) rods, hollow rods, KD-grade rods, continuous rods, electrically heated rods, wire rope rods, and aluminum alloy rods. Alongside these, numerous accessories have been created to enhance performance, such as high-strength polished rods, toothless clamps, rotating devices, shock absorbers, graphite sealing boxes, roller couplings, centralizers, wax scrapers, weighted rods, anti-drop devices, and magnetic wax prevention tools. These innovations help extend the service life and expand the application range of sucker rods.
**Technical Principle**
The core of the system is a high-strength sucker rod coupling, designed to offer superior tensile strength. The coupling size is typically 5/8", matching or exceeding the performance of the rod itself. To prevent electrochemical corrosion, a sacrificial anode is used. This method involves placing an anode material in contact with the rod, where it provides cathodic protection by allowing a controlled current flow through the electrolyte. This process protects the rod from corrosion caused by partial wear. To ensure the anode remains intact during operation, stainless steel sheaths are installed around the inner and outer joints, while the coupling is made from high-nickel alloy, ensuring a smooth surface that enhances longevity.
**Technical Parameters**
- Size: 1", 7/8", 3/4", 5/8"
- Supporting rod diameter: 25mm, 22mm, 19mm, 16mm
- Centralizer outer diameter: Up to φ56mm
- Sacrificial anode protection range: 50m
- Effective power generation: ≥1.1 A.h/g
- Anode consumption rate: ≤12.36 kg/A.a
- Current efficiency: ≥65%
**On-Site Installation**
During installation, the sucker rod should be connected using a threaded coupling. The placement of the anti-corrosion and anti-wear device depends on the specific conditions of the well, with installation intervals recommended every 80–100 meters. For optimal performance, it is advisable to use this device in conjunction with the KXY-2 tubing cathodic protector and a standard nylon centralizer. This combination helps reduce wear and prolong the life of the rod string.