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The sucker rod is a slender component used in oil pumping systems, connecting the polished rod at the surface to the downhole pump. It serves as a critical link for transmitting mechanical power from the pumping unit to the oil pump located deep underground. The standard length of a single sucker rod is typically 7.62 meters, 8 meters, or 9.14 meters, and it is usually made of low-carbon alloy steel that has undergone quenching and tempering treatment. These rods are connected using internal threaded couplings and extend through the wellbore, reaching the piston at the oil zone. As the pumping unit operates, the sucker rod moves up and down, enabling the extraction of oil. In many oil wells, the total depth can reach around two kilometers, with some wells, like those in the Shengli Oilfield, extending over three thousand meters.
As an essential part of rod-pumping equipment, the sucker rod string consists of dozens or even hundreds of individual rods joined together by couplings. During operation, the sucker rod string experiences cyclic loading, which can lead to fatigue or corrosion fatigue fractures. Additionally, the presence of corrosive well fluids, such as brine and crude oil, further increases the risk of failure. When a sucker rod breaks, it can cause significant downtime, increase maintenance costs, and reduce overall production efficiency.
Sucker rods have been in use for nearly a century. The earliest versions were made from natural materials like rattan. The first metal sucker rod patent (U.S. No. 528168) was granted to Samuel M. Jones of Ohio on October 30, 1894. Over the past two decades, advancements in materials and manufacturing techniques have significantly improved the performance and durability of sucker rods. Innovations include the use of multi-element alloy steels and fiberglass, along with modern forging methods, such as intermediate frequency induction heating, infrared temperature monitoring, and automated production lines. Other improvements include advanced die design, external thread rolling, variable diameter elbows, coupling internal thread processing, friction welding, shot peening, and surface hardening techniques.
To meet the demands of various challenging well conditions—such as large pumps, deep pumping, heavy oil, high-wax, corrosive, and deviated wells—specialized sucker rods have been developed globally. These include ultra-high-strength rods, FRP (fiber-reinforced polymer) rods, hollow rods, KD-grade rods, continuous rods, electric heating rods, wire rope rods, and aluminum alloy rods. Alongside these, numerous accessories have been created to enhance performance, such as long-stroke high-strength polished rods, toothless clamps, rotating devices, shock absorbers, graphite-sealed boxes, roller couplings, centralizers, wax scrapers, weighted rods, anti-drop devices, disconnectors, and magnetic anti-waxing tools. These innovations have extended the service life and application range of sucker rods.
**Technical Principle**
The high-strength sucker rod nipple is designed to provide excellent tensile strength. The coupling size is 5/8", matching or exceeding the performance of the rod itself. The device is directly connected to the tubing, and a sacrificial anode is used to prevent electrochemical corrosion. This method works by allowing the anode to release electrons through the electrolyte, creating a cathodic current that protects the rod. To prevent the anode from being eroded or damaged by fluid flow, stainless steel sheaths are installed around the inner and outer connections. The coupling is made from high-nickel alloy, ensuring a smooth surface and significantly extending the life of the coupling.
**Technical Parameters**
- Size: 1", 7/8", 3/4", 5/8"
- Supporting rod diameter: 25mm, 22mm, 19mm, 16mm
- Centralizer outer diameter: Up to φ56mm
- Sacrificial anode protection range: 50m
- Effective power generation: ≥1.1 A·h/g
- Anode consumption rate: ≤12.36 kg/A·a
- Current efficiency: ≥65%
**On-Site Installation**
During installation, the sucker rod should be connected using a threaded coupling. The installation section should be determined based on the level of corrosion and eccentric wear in the well. A protective device should be placed every 80–100 meters. For best results, this system works well when combined with the KXY-2 tubing cathodic protector and a standard nylon centralizer.